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The best test of an argument is the argument's ability to convince someone with an opposing viewpoint.
Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.
بهترین آزمون یک استدلال، توانایی بحث در متقاعد کردن شخصی با دیدگاه مخالف است.
پاسخی بنویسید که در آن درمورد موافقت یا مخالفت با این جمله بحث کنید و استدلال خود را درباره موضع گیری خود توضیح دهید. در توسعه و حمایت از موضع خود، باید روشهایی را در نظر بگیرید که طبق آن، این نظریه ممکن است درست باشد یا نباشد و توضیح دهید که این ملاحظات چگونه موضع شما را شکل می دهند.
موافق
- نظر هر فردی با توجه به تجربیاتی که در زندگی داشته یا آنچه که به آنها اعتقاد دارد می‌تواند درباره یک موضوع متفاوت باشد. اگر نظرات مخالف در یک زمینه به بحث و بررسی گذاشته شود، جنبه های مختلف آن موضوع بررسی شده و پیشرفت بیشتری حاصل می شود.
- سطح درک افراد از یک مسئله و تفسیر آنها از جنبه های مختلف آن می تواند بسیار متفاوت باشد. بنابراین برای پیشرفت کردن در یک موضوع باید نظرات مخالف نیز مورد بحث و بررسی قرار گیرد.
- در دنیای مدرن امروزی همه جوامع تقریباً به این نتیجه رسیده اند که دموکراسی بهترین سیستم برای اداره یک کشور است. در چنین سیستمی تمام نظرات باید آزادانه بیان شوند و با بررسی نظرات مخالف و در نهایت برای حل مسئله به یک راه حل مشخص دست پیدا کرد.
- شنیدن و بررسی نظرات مخالف در رابطه با یک موضوع احتمال اشتباه کردن در آن را کاهش می‌دهد چون به عنوان مثال اگر شهردار تصمیم بگیرد که برای کاهش ترافیک در یک مسیر پل احداث کند اما نظر مخالف مهندسین را در این خصوص نشنیده بگیرد ممکن است به عنوان مثال زمین آن ناحیه، برای احداث پل مقاومت کافی را نداشته باشد و در نهایت فاجعه بار بیاید.
- بیان نظرات مخالف در خصوص یک موضوع و بررسی آنها موجب می شود که نقاط ضعف آن روشن شده و پیشرفت بهتری در آن حاصل شود.
مخالف
- در مورد برخی از مسائل مثل قانون اساسی یک کشور یا احکام مذهبی نمی‌توان نظرات مخالف را مورد بررسی قرار داد چون این قوانین و احکام ثابت و بدون تغییر هستند و بیان نظرات مخالف ممکن است موجب انحراف افراد یا نقض قانون شود.
- شنیدن نظرات مخالف در خصوص یک موضوع ممکن است موجب شود افرادی که روی آن مسئله کار می‌کنند از ادامه کار ناامید شوند و تصور کنند که کار آنها با شکست مواجه می شود.
- در مورد مسائلی که که درست بودن آنها کاملاً واضح و مبرهن است، شنیدن نظرات مخالف فقط وقت را هدر خواهد داد، چون متقاعد کردن برخی افرادی که نظر مخالفی میدهند و گوش شنیدن حرف حق را ندارند، بسیار مشکل است و موجب می‌شود که سرعت پیشرفت کار گرفته شود.
- در هر شرایط و هر موقعیتی نمی‌توان نظرات مخالف را بیان کرد، چون برای بررسی نظرات مخالف باید یک قاضی عادل و بی طرفی نیز وجود داشته باشد که نظرات مخالف و موافق را با هم مقایسه کرده و تصمیم نهایی و درستی برای پیشرفت کار بگیرد.
- در زمینه‌های مختلف باید نظرات مخالف افرادی که در آن زمینه تخصص دارند مورد بررسی قرارداد. در غیر اینصورت، وقت بسیار زیادی تلف می‌شود تا نظرات مخالف افرادی که ممکن است تخصصی در این زمینه نداشته باشند و نظر آنها چندان معتبر نباشد، مورد بررسی قرار گیرد و پیشرفت در آن موضوع به کندی پیش خواهد رفت.
Strategies
Combine the claim and reason into one statement using a subordinate clause.
In other words:
Because one cannot discover the value of an idea without defending it, the best test of an argument is its ability to convince someone with an opposing viewpoint.
What are the assumptions stated or implied in the claim and reason? These will provide evidence that you can refute or affirm in your argument.
a) Changing someone’s mind is proof that you are right.
b) Ideas have no value unless you are forced to defend them.
c) One’s ideas have no intrinsic value.
d) The value of one’s ideas is created by others.
Opposing viewpoint:
Claim – The ability to convince someone with an opposing viewpoint is not the best test of an argument.
Reason – The argument may not be based on the best information.
Is there any other way to look at this issue? Can you qualify the original statement in some way? Is it possible to partially agree with the statement?
Alternative viewpoint:
Claim –One test of an argument is its ability to convince someone with an opposing viewpoint.
Reason– Defending an idea against the doubts and contrasting views of others is not more valid than other tests.
Examples:
a) Debates
b) My own state governor
Sample 1:
It is satisfying and self–affirming to be able to make someone accept our point of view. Nothing feels as good as being right and having others admit it. Problems can arise when trying to convince another that one’s point of view is the correct one. The proponents of an argument may use facts selectively or manipulate conditions in order to strengthen the position. Those having an opposing point of view may concede simply to put an end to the harangue of the other party. If one believes deeply in an idea, he or she should welcome the opportunity to examine the argument more closely.
I can appreciate an argument even when it fails to change my mind if I observe that its creator has researched his position and has used logic and verifiable facts and statistics to support it. When I was in high school, I participated in the debating club. The purpose of each debate was not to change anyone else’s opinion but to create and deliver the most compelling argument. Topics, positions, and team roles were assigned in a random manner, and I found myself on more than one occasion having to defend a point of view with which I did not agree. This did not prevent my winning more debates than I lost. I spent hours researching, compiling statistics and evidence that my opponents would find difficult to refute. While doing so, I came to appreciate others’ views on controversial topics and understand why they would defend them.
The governor of my state appears to believe that right is might. He has spent the two–and–a–half years of his tenure arguing that the state should allow more charter schools. His contention is that public education in the state is failing to meet the needs of its students, and the students should have more choice in selecting a high school. In order to prove the correctness of his argument, he has taken several steps to undermine public education. On one hand, he proposed deep cuts in financing of public education, while, on the other hand, he advocated public funding of private and religious schools. Many of his opponents claim that he has used flawed evidence to promote his contention that private and religious schools provide better educations. In fact, those schools do not have to meet the same standards or administer the same tests as the public schools must. Most recently, the Department of Education assigned letter grades from A–F to each public school in the state. Less than a month before releasing the grades, the Commissioner of Education revealed the criteria on which the grades would be based, giving schools no time to address those criteria. A significant portion of the grade derived from standardized test scores in math and English from the previous year’s administration of those tests. In addition, the grades were assigned on a bell curve, meaning that a specific number of schools would receive A’s, and roughly the same number would receive F’s. When the grades revealed that only nine schools in the state had received a grade of A, the governor was able to say that he had been right all along about the poor quality of public education in the state. The governor’s actions illuminate a weakness in attempting to defend an argument. One may be tempted to manipulate conditions in order to prove its veracity.
The best test of an argument may be the ability to both understand and appreciate the other point of view while remaining steadfastly convinced of one’s own position. In matters of faith, for example, leaders of any religious denomination believe that the faithful should question the tenets of their belief system. Only by searching for answers can one become stronger in his or her beliefs.
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